Direct emissions intensity of cement production in the Net Zero Scenario, 2015-2030

Sources

IEA calculations, including with inputs from GCCA Statistics and other sources.

Notes

Direct emissions include combustion and process CO2 emissions, including those from the production stage of cement. Carbon absorbed by concrete through ‘recarbonation’ during its use phase is beyond the emissions calculation boundary of the IEA analysis and thus is not factored into the calculation. Note that the IPCC does recognise recarbonation but notes caution is needed when incorporating this into emissions calculations: “Carbon dioxide absorption is indeed happening by cement-based materials over multiple years during their lifetimes […] accurate estimates of actual emissions and removals taking place during each single year are crucial for the national greenhouse gas inventories” (https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/otherdata/Note_on_Cement_Carbonation.pdf).