Spending on energy R&D by governments, 2015-2022

Sources

World Energy Investment 2023: /reports/world-energy-investment-2023, and IEA Energy Technology RD&D Budgets database (2023): /data-and-statistics/data-product/energy-technology-rd-and-d-budget-database-2

Notes

R&D includes spending on demonstration projects (i.e. RD&D) wherever reported by governments, as defined in IEA documentation, as well as state-owned enterprise spending tracked by the IEA. 2022 is a preliminary estimate based on data available by mid-May 2023. State-owned enterprise funds comprise a significant share of the Chinese total, for which 2021-2022 estimates are based on reported company spending where available. The IEA Secretariat has estimated US data from public sources. "Rest of world" comprises Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Russia, Saudi Arabia and South Africa.