Spending on energy R&D by listed companies, 2015-2022

Notes

Values for 2022 are estimates based on reported data at the time of drafting; includes only publicly reported R&D expenditure by companies active in sectors that are dependent on energy technologies, including energy efficiency technologies where possible, based on the Bloomberg Industry Classification System. Automotive includes technologies for fuel economy, alternative fuels and alternative drivetrains. Fuel cells are included with hydrogen. To allocate R&D spending for companies active in multiple sectors, shares of revenue per sector are used in the absence of other information. Values may include both capitalised and non-capitalised costs, including for product development.