About
News
Events
Programmes
Help centre

Skip navigation

Energy system
Explore the energy system by fuel, technology or sector
Fossil Fuels

Renewables

Electricity

Low-Emission Fuels

Transport

Industry

Buildings

Energy Efficiency and Demand

Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage

Decarbonisation Enablers

Buildings

Energy Efficiency and Demand

Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage

Decarbonisation Enablers
Explore all
Topics
Understand the biggest energy challenges
COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes

Energy Security

Climate Change

Access and Affordability

Artificial Intelligence

Net Zero Emissions

Russia' on Ukraine

The IEA's 50th Anniversary

Energy and Gender

Investment

Russia' on Ukraine

The IEA's 50th Anniversary

Energy and Gender

Investment

Energy and Water

Fossil Fuel Subsidies

Saving Energy

Global Energy Crisis

Critical Minerals
All topics
Countries
Explore the energy system by country or region
Member countries

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czechia

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Korea

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Mexico

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

The Netherlands

Türkiye

United Kingdom

United States

Accession countries

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Israel

Latvia

Association countries

Argentina

Brazil

China

Egypt

India

Indonesia

Kenya

Morocco

Senegal

Singapore

South Africa

Thailand

Ukraine
All Countries and Regions
Data

Use, download and buy global energy data

Data explorers

Understand and manipulate data with easy to use explorers and trackers

Data sets

Free and paid data sets from across the energy system available for download

Policies database

Past, existing or planned government policies and measures

Chart Library

Access every chart published across all IEA reports and analysis

Explore data
Reports
Read the latest analysis from the IEA
All reports
1

Sign In

Email *

Password * Forgot password?

Create an account

Create a free IEA account to download our reports or subcribe to a paid service.

Join for free

Policies database

About All policies

Policies4

Filters (3)Clear all

- Europe (3)
- Africa (1)
- In force (3)
- Announced (1)
- National (3)
- International (1)

Estonia South Africa Carbon pricing instruments Clear all

Policy

Country

Status

Jurisdiction

Directive (EU) 2023/959 establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union
Estonia 2027 Announced National
Carbon Tax Act (Act No. 15/2019)
South Africa 2019 In force National
Directive 2003/87 and Directive 2009/29 establishing an Emissions Trading Scheme
Estonia 2005 In force International
Environmental Charges Act - Estonia carbon tax
Estonia 2005 In force National

The Energy Mix

Get updates on the IEA’s latest news, analysis, data and events delivered twice monthly.

View sample Explore our other newsletters

Browse
Topics
Countries & regions
Energy system
Programmes

Explore
Reports
Data & statistics

Learn
About
News and commentaries
Events
Glossary

Connect
Contact
Press
Jobs
Delegates

Follow

©IEA 2024

Terms
Privacy

Subscription successful

Thank you for subscribing. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link at the bottom of any IEA newsletter.