Cost barriers

Upfront costs:

· Grants

· Low‐interest loans

· Tax rebates

· Green mortgages

· Alternative business models

· Risk mitigation schemes for medium‐ to large‐scale projects

Operating costs:

· Rebalancing electricity and fossil fuel taxes, CO2 tax with compensation

· Electricity tariff reforms

· Support for building insulation and heat distribution system upgrades

· Quality and settings control after installation

· User training

Non‐cost hurdles to consumer adoption

· One‐stop‐shop platforms for consumers and comparer tools

· Facilitation and support of alternative business models for heating to address split incentives

· Regulation changes for optics, noise and building permissions

· Revision of decision‐making rules in multi‐owner buildings

· Minimum energy efficiency requirements for rented properties or at point‐of‐sale transactions

· Performance labels for heating technologies

· Information campaigns towards consumers

· Independent and free audits to inform heating system replacement decisions

Manufacturing constraints and supply chain vulnerabilities

· Long‐term certainty in policy support and regulations, as well as visibility into forthcoming regulation changes, including industry consultation

· National heat pump deployment targets and roadmaps

· Industrial policy including financial support to manufacturers

· Securing of heat pump component supply chains

Shortages of skilled installers

· Integration of heat pumps in pre‐existing certifications for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), construction, and electrical professions

· Incentives to attract HVAC professionals to gain additional certifications

· Reinforcing manufacturer‐run trainings and simplify installation process

· Internationally standardised certification schemes with broad curricula

· National heat pump deployment targets and roadmaps to build confidence and provide professionals with long‐term employment prospects